Quick question: At 275, I have about 5,200 unbuffed attack. With buffed, 10% crimson and foci, I have ~6,000. I hardly see any difference in damage or number of attacks it takes to kill an NPC.

What's a good idea of the 'cap' of damage on an NPC? I may as well go back down to Nulls and drop my Thetas.

I believe damage cap on NPC's is Rank*2.5

Best way to find out the formula, is to take a common unmatched NPC, get a few people to take shots at em and see how high they go and if people start getting same numbers with diff attack. I Suggest flamehawk, with 9k ish NPC attack I hit them for the 800 Range. Anyone with higher attack or equal wana see what they get?

damage per shot = tanh( attack * rnd(0.6 to 1.666) / (5 * npcdefense) ) * 2.5 * npcrank

This is approximate.